Lemon Thyme

Lemon Thyme
Some 350 species of small, evergreen, aromatic, mostly woody-based perennials and subshrubs belong to this Eurasian genus, which occurs mainly on dry grassland and calcareous soils. Many species are good garden plants, having a neat habit, fragrant foliage, and colorful flowers; their small size is ideally suited to crevices in paving, rock gardens, walls, and containers. Although tiny, the numerous flowers produce copious nectar, making thymes important as bee plants. Thymes hybridize freely in cultivation, making the taxonomy of Thymus complex, with numerous synonyms and invalid names. In common with many pleasant-smelling plants, thyme came to symbolize death, because the souls of the dead were thought to rest in the flowers; the smell of thyme has apparently been detected at several haunted sites. It is also associated with various rituals once carried out by young women to reveal their true love. Thymes vary in aroma but the majority can be used to flavor food. Most widely used are T. vulgaris, T. x citriodorus and their cultivars.. The main medicinal thymes are T. serpyllum and T. vulgaris. Much of the dried thyme and essential oil of thyme in international trade comes from Spain, where there are 37 different species of Thymus, including 24 endemic species. The main species collected are T. praecox and T pulegioides ("tomillos serpoles"), and T. baeticus, T capitatus, T. hyemalis, T. mastichina, T. orospedanus, T. serpilloides subsp. gracilis, and T. zygis subsp. zygis ("tomillos"). There is concern that the harvesting of some rarer thymes-and even the rarer ones that are collected in error-is not sustainable. In addition, the practice of uprooting whole plants causes soil erosion in fragile, arid ecosystems. All thymes are rich in volatile oil, whcih consists mainly of thymol, a powerful antiseptic. The oil varies considerably in composition between species and from plant to plant. Commercial thyme oil is largely derived from T. zygis (Spanish sauce thyme), a white-flowered species found only in Spain and Portugal. Oil from T. serpyllum (sometimes known as serpolet oil) differs from T. vulgaris in being lower in carvacol and higher in linalol and cymol, and thus having a sedative effect. Red and white thyme oil refer to the color of the oil, which turns red when oxidized by contact with metal, but remains clear otherwise. Thymus is the original Greek name, which was used by Theophrastus for both thyme and savory (Satureja, See, Savory).

Variable hybrid between T. pulegioides and T. vulgaris, with lemon-scented, ovate to lanceolate or diamond-shaped leaves, to 1cm (½in) long. Pale lilac flowers, with leaf-like bracts, appear in interrupted whorls in summer.

Common Name:

Lemon Thyme

Botanical Name:

Thymus x citriodorus

Genus:

Thymus

Family:

Lamiaceae

Native Location:

Garden origin

Cultivation:

Well-drained soil in sun. Most thymes prefer neutral to alkaline soil and thrive in stony or rocky situations. Thymes dislike wet winters, and benefit from a layer of gravel to protect the foliage from contact with wet soil. In autumn remove fallen leaves that settle on thyme plants as these may cause rotting. Trim lightly after flowering and remove dead flower heads to encourage bushiness. Remove green shoots of variegated cultivars to maintain variegation. In areas with cold, damp winters, T. camphoratus is best grown in an alpine house. Thymus vulgaris is used in companion planting to control flea beetles, cabbage white butterflies, and other cabbage pests.

Propagation:

By seed sown in spring (species only); by softwood or semi-ripe cuttings in summer; by division in spring.

Harvest:

Whole plants and flowering tops are collected in summer, as flowering begins, and distilled for oil, or dried for elixirs, liquid extracts, and infusions. Sprigs are picked during the growing season and used fresh, or dried for infusions.

Variations:

Golden King Is upright and bushy, with yellow-margined leaves. Tends to revert. Height: 23cm (9in) Width: 30cm (12in)	Golden Queen Has an open habit, pale green, yellow-variegated leaves, and mauve flowers.
Nyewoods Has yellow-green leaves with a central green zone.	Silver Queen Has silver-green to cream-marbled leaves. Differs in appearance from T. vulgaris 'Silver Posie' in having more variable variegation and pink-tinged tips in winter; also less hardy and more liable to revert. Height: 23cm (9in) Width: 30-40cm (12-16in)

Height:

25-30cm (10-12in)

Width:

60cm (24in)

Hardiness:

Z5-9

Parts Used:

Whole plant, leaves, flowering tops, oil.

Properties:

An aromatic, decongestant, relaxant herb with a strong lemon scent.

Medicinal Uses:

Oil is considered less irritant than other thyme oils, and is used in aromatherapy for asthma and other respiratory complaints, notably in children.

Culinary Uses:

Leaves are used to flavor savor dishes, especially fish, stuffings for poultry, and vegetables; also made into tea.

Economic Uses:

Dried leaves are added to potpourris and herb pillows.

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