Seneca Snakeroot

This large genus includes about 500 species of annuals, perennials, shrubs, and trees, which are found almost worldwide. A few are grown as ornamentals for their pea-like flowers, but the medicinal species have little merit as garden plants. Polygala senega was named after the N America Seneca people, who used it as a remedy for rattlesnake bite. Its present uses were discovered c.1735 by John Tennent, a Scottish physician, who observed that the symptoms of snake bite were similar to those of pleurisy and the later stages of pneumonia. Experiments in using it for respiratory diseases were so successful that by 1740 the plant was being cultivated and used in Europe for this purpose. Polygala tenuifolia was first recorded in traditional Chinese medicine during the earlier Han dynasty (206BCE-CE23). Both P. senega and P. tenuifolia contain similar compounds but are used differently in European and Chinese herbal medicine. The European P. vulgaris (common milkwort) has similar properties but is less potent. The bitter-tasting P. amarella (dwarf milkwort) is also used. Contrary to traditional belief, their use does not increase lactation.

Perennial with a thick root and linear-lanceolate leaves, to 5cm (2in) long. Tiny white to green-white flowers are produced in terminal racemes in summer.

Common Name:	Seneca Snakeroot
Other Names:	Rattlesnake Root
Botanical Name:	Polygala senega
Genus:	Polygala
Family:	Polygalaceae
Native Location:	N America
Cultivation:	Well-drained, moisture-retentive soil in sun or part shade.
Propagation:	By seed sown in autumn.
Harvest:	Roots are lifted in autumn and dried for use in decoctions, concentrated infusions, liquid extracts, powders and tinctures.
Height:	45cm (18in)
Width:	45cm (18in)
Hardiness:	Z2-9
Parts Used:	Roots
Properties:	A bitter, acrid, warming herb that has expectorant effects, and increases salivation and perspiration.
Medicinal Uses:	Internally for bronchitis, mucus, asthma, and croup. Excess causes diarrhea and vomiting. Externally for pharyngitis and snakebite.
Bibliography:	Encyclopedia of Herbs by Deni Brown Copyright © 1995, 2001 Dorling Kindersley Limites. Pg 326